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医生:需预防“嚼”出来的癌症_我的网站

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一 |     JERUSALEM -- Deadly violence has been surging in the West Bank as the Israeli military pursues Palestinian militants in the aftermath of the Hamas attack from Gaza, with at least 90 Palestinians killed in the Israeli-occupied territory in the past two weeks, mainly in clashes with Israeli troops.The violence threatens to open another front in the 2-week-old war, and puts pressure on the internationally recognized Palestinian Authority, which administers parts of the West Bank and is deeply unpopular among Palestinians, in large part because it cooperates with Israel on security matters. The tally includes five Palestinians killed in separate incidents on Sunday, including two who died in an airstrike on a mosque in the volatile Jenin refugee camp that Israel said was being used by militants. Israel carried out an airstrike during a battle in another West Bank refugee camp last week, in which 13 Palestinians, including five minors, and a member of Israel's paramilitary Border Police were killed. Israel rarely uses air power in the occupied West Bank, even as it has bombarded Hamas-ruled Gaza since the militant group stormed across the border on Oct. 7. More than 1,400 people have been killed in Israel since the war began, mostly civilians killed in the initial Hamas assault. The Hamas-run Health Ministry in Gaza says over 4,300 Palestinians have been killed. The Palestinian Health Ministry in the West Bank says 90 Palestinians have been killed there since Oct. 7, a dramatic jump from 197, according to an Associated Press count, from the start of the year until the Hamas attack. In addition to the raids, Palestinians have been killed in violent anti-Israel protests and in some instances in attacks by Jewish settlers.Israel clamped down on the territory immediately after the Hamas assault, closing crossings and checkpoints between Palestinian towns. Israel says its forces have detained over 700 suspects in the West Bank, including 480 members of Hamas, since the start of hostilities.Israel’s resumption of aerial attacks — which in a July operation in Jenin reached a level of intensity not seen since the Palestinian uprising against Israel two decades ago — suggests a shift in military tactics.The military described the Al-Ansar Mosque in Jenin as a militant compound belonging to Hamas and Islamic Jihad, a smaller and more radical Palestinian militant group. It said the militants had carried out several attacks in recent months and were planning another imminent assault.The intensified violence follows more than a year of escalating raids and arrests in the West Bank and deadly Palestinian attacks on Israelis.Israel captured the West Bank, along with Gaza and east Jerusalem, in the 1967 war. The Palestinians want all three territories for a future state. Over 500,000 Israelis live in settlements across the West Bank that most of the international community considers illegal, while the territory's more than 2.5 million Palestinians live under Israeli military rule.The Palestinians view the settlements as the greatest obstacle to resolving the conflict with Israel. The last serious and substantive peace talks broke down over a decade ago. Settler violence against Palestinians has also intensified since the Hamas attack. At least five Palestinians have been killed by settlers, according to Palestinian authorities, and rights groups say settlers have torched cars and attacked several small Bedouin communities, forcing them to evacuate to other areas.The West Bank Protection Consortium, a coalition of non-governmental organizations and donor countries, including the European Union, says at least 470 Palestinians have been forcibly displaced in the West Bank due to settler violence since Oct. 7. That's in addition to over 1,100 displaced since 2022. ___Associated Press writer Joseph Krauss contributed to this report.。    

◎本报记者 魏依晨近日,年仅36岁的歌手傅松因口腔癌去世,去世前曾多次劝网友不要吃槟榔。据了解,湖南籍的傅松生前很爱嚼槟榔,其口腔癌就是槟榔导致。湖南等地不少人习惯饭后、旅行,甚至聊天散步都要嚼上一颗。然而,槟榔早被世卫组织列为一级致癌物。那么,为什么长期嚼槟榔会致癌呢?记者采访了相关专家。

二 | 吃槟榔对口腔是“双重打击”“因嚼槟榔引发的口腔癌在临床上很常见。”南昌大学附属口腔医院黏膜牙周科主任医师宗娟娟介绍说,槟榔经咀嚼后形成致癌化合物,会诱导同源染色体基因的改变,让抑癌基因失活和癌基因激活,同时槟榔咀嚼时易对口腔黏膜造成创伤,容易发炎,伴随频繁口腔溃疡、组织纤维化,在黏膜细胞增量的过程中很容易出现细胞坏死突变,成为癌细胞,最后演变成口腔癌。其实,早在2003年,国际癌症研究中心就把槟榔列入“黑名单”,为一级致癌物。

三 | 至于致癌原因,一是槟榔里的化学物质经咀嚼后,形成的亚硝基,是明确致癌的化合物;二是槟榔较硬,咀嚼时易对口腔黏膜造成机械创伤。原国家食药监总局在2017年公布致癌物清单时,已将槟榔果列入一级致癌物。记者了解到,中国首位发现口腔癌与槟榔有关联的学者翦新春发表的《槟榔致癌物质与口腔癌》论文中指出,咀嚼槟榔之所以能导致口腔癌,是因为槟榔中的多种活性成分和代谢产物有细胞毒性、遗传毒性甚至直接致癌性,这些物质包括槟榔生物碱、槟榔鞣质、槟榔特异性亚硝胺和活性氧等。简单来说,就是槟榔纤维粗糙,长期嚼槟榔会对黏膜损伤、牙齿损伤。另外其所含的生物碱能直接杀死细胞,进而造成口腔损伤。长期咀嚼槟榔简直就是对口腔黏膜的“双重打击”。这也可以解释为什么很多长期咀嚼槟榔的人不仅会感到口干舌燥,还会伴有烧灼感,如恶化后,会出现无法进食刺激性食物,口腔内疼痛感增强,开口受限,语言不清等症状。医生建议:远离槟榔,珍爱健康2018年,中华口腔医学会和中国疾控中心曾调研湖南省群众咀嚼槟榔和口腔癌的现状,当时中南大学湘雅医院口腔颌面外科病房内,50位住院患者有45人患口腔癌,其中44人有长期大量咀嚼槟榔史。宗娟娟告诉记者,近年的临床调研发现,口腔黏膜下纤维性变的患者呈年轻化趋势,年龄集中在20—30岁,均有嚼食槟榔的习惯。2019年,国家卫健委在《健康口腔行动方案(2019—2025年)》的解读中提到,要对长期咀嚼槟榔等高危行为进行干预,促进群众养成健康的行为和生活方式。“最开始认识槟榔是因为患者,近年来因口腔黏膜下纤维化就诊的患者明显增多,因此增加了对槟榔的关注。这类患者往往因为嘴巴张不开,吃辛辣刺激的食物黏膜疼痛等问题前来就诊,且多是青年人,而这些问题只是咀嚼槟榔后的初始问题,继续发展可成为口腔癌。”南昌大学附属口腔医院黏膜牙周科医师李维芝告诉科技日报记者,出现问题后轻则需手术切除癌变病损、影响外貌及降低生活质量,重则危及生命。湖南因盛产槟榔,口腔癌的发病率远高于其他省份。李维芝说,关于吃槟榔或许开始时大家只是出于好奇或者好友推荐尝试一下,但是槟榔中含有槟榔碱,这是一种类似尼古丁的物质,会使人成瘾、产生快感,因此一旦开始往往难以戒除,久而久之口腔黏膜发生病变甚至发展成口腔癌、咽喉癌等。“槟榔导致的黏膜下纤维性变往往无法根治,因此患者终身受其困扰。”李维芝提到,在槟榔广告随处可见、各小卖部均有售卖槟榔的今天,大家要主动远离槟榔,珍爱健康、珍爱生命,如果出现不适,尽早就医。

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